Charge, electrification, Methods of electrification...... definitions, facts

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Charge - Charge is the property of matter that produces ans experiences electrical and magnetic effects

  Point charge:- when linear size of charged body is much smaller than the distance under consideration, the size may be ignored and the charges body is called point charge. 


Electrification- The process of giving charge to a body is called electrification.


Methods of electrification 

a) Charging by friction

Two glass rods rubbed with silk or wool cloth are brought close to each other, they repel each other 

The two strands of wool or two pieces of silk cloth, with which rods were rubbed, also repel each other. However, the glass rod and wool attracted each other. Similarly, two plastic rods rubbed with cat's fur repelled each other but attracted the fur. On the other hand, the plastic rod attracts the glass rod and repel the silk or wool with which the glass rod is rubbed. The glass rod repels the fur. In this process when two bodies are rubbed together, electrons are transferred from one body to the other.


The substance with higher electron affinity gains electrons and hence it becomes negatively charged. This one with lesser electron affinity looses electrons and becomes positively charged. In this method bodies aquire equal and unlike charges

Ex: When a glass rod is rubbed with silk, the glass rod becomes positively charged while the silk, negatively charged.


b) Charging by conduction 

If a charged body is kept in contact with an uncharged body, then the uncharged body becomes charged due to transfer of electrons to the other. If the charged body is positive it will withdraw some electrons from the uncharged body. If the charged body is negative it will transfer some of its excess electrons to the uncharged body.


After conduction, both bodies acquire the charge of same nature. So they repel each other. Thus conduction precedes repulsion.


If two identical metal spheres carrying charges q, and q, are brought in contact then the total charge is equally shared due to conduction.

.'. Charge on each sphere = q1+q2 /2 

                                     

If a positively charged body is brought near a negatively charged body or uncharged body there exists a force of attraction. So the attraction may be due to oppositely charged body or uncharged body. If a positively charged body is brought near positively charged body there exists a force of repulsion. Thus repulsion is the sure test of electrification.

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